A fracture is when the continuity of a bone is broken. I with anterior radial dislocation ii with posterior radial dislocation iii with lateral radial dislocation iv with anterior radial dislocation and fracture greenspan 1992 574p. Language of fractures page 1 of intro patterns orientation displaced angulated bone ends immature sh plastic torus occult stress dont miss. Common sites for bone fractures include the wrist, ankle and hip. They are composed of an organic component of type1 collagen with calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions deposited in hydroxyapatite. Types of bone fractures imaging and management see online here bones constitute the supportive skeleton of the body. Types of bone fracture and their mechanisms several types of bone fractures have been extensively described in the literature. This is a hairline crack in the femur that may not involve the whole bone. The following quiz will help you to have a better understanding of the different types, causes and. Bone fractures caused by disease are referred to as pathological fractures. The proposed classification system was also clinically validated with a targeted pilot study designed for content and.
In this lesson, youll learn about the many different kinds of bone fractures that may occur. A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis. A broken ankle is a fracture or multiple fractures of one or more of three bones in the ankle joint. Medical professionals generally classify clavicle fractures into three groups. Within the dichotomy of simple and compound fractures are many specific types of fractures. If a fractured ankle is not properly treated, it can lead to significant, longterm complications and debility. Fracture types summary radiology reference article.
Types and classification of fractures linkedin slideshare. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several pieces. Comminuted fracture the bone is shattered into many pieces. Fracture repair is a tissue regeneration process rather than a healing process the injured bone is replaced by bone. Overuse and repetitive motion can cause a stress fracture. Broken ankles are painful and temporarily disabling. If the bone breaks in such a way that bone fragments stick out through the skin, or a wound penetrates down to the broken bone, the fracture is called an open fracture. Although fracture repair usually restores the damaged skeletal organ to its preinjury cellular composition, structure and biomechanical function, about 10% of fractures will not heal normally.
Therefore, anytime you suspect that a fracture may be present, treat the injury as though you knew the fracture existed. A nondisplaced fracture may be difficult to identify without an xray. Nondisplaced when nondisplaced fractures occur, the bone breaks but the pieces do not move out of place, leaving the bone more or less in. Types of bone fractures imaging and management lecturio. Compression crush fracture generally occurs in the spongy bone in the spine. Monteggia fracturedislocations bado classification of fractures of the proximal ulna.
External fixation permits adjustment of length and angulation some allow reduction of the fracture in all 3 planes. A hairline fracture is an example of an undisplaced fracture. Although there is still much to be learned to fully comprehend the pathways of bone regeneration, the overall pathways of both the anatomical and biochemical events have. In addition to whether the bone is displaced or nondisplaced it will be given a fracture pattern name. An oblique fracture is when the break is on an angle through the bone.
There are many types of fractures, or broken bones. The may 5, 2004, issue of jama includes an article about external fixation see below to treat bone fractures. Group i fractures occur in the middle third of the bone, where it is flat and thin. A fracture, or a broken bone, is a common consequence of falls and motor vehicle accidents. Smith fractures reverse colles fractures type 1 type 2 type 3 fractures of the forearm fractures of the distal radius with volar displacement and angulation of the distal fragment greenspan 1992 618p. Another type of fracture called a stress fracture of the hip may be harder to diagnose. Fractures can be split into complete and incomplete fractures depending on whether the fracture extends all the way through the bone complete or only involves a portion of the cortex.
Well discuss open, closed, comminuted, complete, incomplete, and many other types of fractures and. A transverse fracture is when the fracture line is perpendicular to the shaft long part of the bone. The fractures discussed in this paper are also restricted to long bones. While there are many types of bone fractures, there are four generalized categories that all fractures will fit into. New classification system for longbone fractures supplementing. Describe four of the different types of bone fractures. Transverse fractures are breaks straight across the bone, usually the result of sharp, direct blows or stress fractures caused by prolonged running. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Get an overview of the classic fractures and learn more about the definition, epidemiology, classification and types of bone fracture. The biology of fracture healing is a complex biological process that follows specific regenerative patterns and involves changes in the expression of several thousand genes. Types of fractures a fracture may be displaced bone moved out of normal alignment or nondisplaced bone remains in normal alignment. Fracture classification orthopaedic trauma association. Greenstick fractures are breaks in bones along only one side of the bone caused by a force perpendicular to the bones long axis. While bone fractures in most instances are caused as result of traumas or specific bone diseases, macrofractures could also occur as a result of. Avulsion fracture a muscle or ligament pulls on the bone, fracturing it. Even where fractures occur within a bone affects the treatment, prognosis intro patterns orientation displaced angulated bone ends immature sh plastic torus occult stress.
Anatomic description type type is the overall fracture pattern examples are. If bone fragments stay together maintaining structural alignment of the bone, it is called an undisplaced fracture. The basic types of pediatric fractures, differences from adults and care as a primary care physician introduction the anatomy and biomechanics of pediatric bone differ from that of adult bone, leading to unique pediatric fracture patterns, healing mechanisms, and management. Open fractures gustilo classification used for prognosis fracture healing, infection and amputation rate correlate with the degree of soft tissue injury by gustilo fractures should be classified in the operating room at the time of initial debridement evaluate periosteal stripping. Especially applicable to the long bones and the pelvis. S117 ao pediatric comprehensive classification of long bone fractures pccf. A brief study on human bone anatomy and bone fractures. Section 2 presents general details on human skeletal system while section 3 provides a discussion on leg bone structure. Depending on the displacement of fragments, the fracture can be displaced or undisplaced. Around 90 percent of hip fractures fall into these two categories in relatively equal numbers.
Here we discuss some of the most important fracture types. Types of fractures based on displacement of fragments. A comminuted fracture is when the bone breaks into several pieces. Fractures are common over 1 million every year in the us and can be caused by sports injuries, car accidents, falls, or osteoporosis bone weakening due to aging. An oblique fracture is characterized by a break that is curved or at. There are many different types of fracture from greenstick, hairline, and compression to oblique, impacted, and longitudinal. Clavicle collarbone fractures are usually apparent right away and can be seen through the skin. Types of fractures the orthopedic institute at southwest.
These fracture subtypes can present in children and adults. Below is a listing of the common types that may occur. A transverse fracture occurs when a bone breaks at a 90degree angle to the long axis of the bone. There are many types of fractures, but the main categories are displaced, nondisplaced, open, and closed. There are different types of fractures and symptoms include pain, swelling, and discoloration of the skin around the injured area. This type of fracture is particularly serious because once the skin is broken, infection in both the wound and the bone can occur. Transverse fractures require an orthopedic trauma surgeon. Transverse the break is in a straight line across the bone. The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place. Fractures of the pelvis, which often cannot be controlled quickly by any other method. Some of the most common bone fracture types include.
The soft tissue surrounding the break may also be injured. Common bone fractures include the wrist, ankle and hip. Some are more severe than others, depending on the strength and direction of the force, the particular bone involved, and the persons age and general health. A fracture, also known as a broken bone, is a condition. Aoota classification pdf ao surgery reference ao foundation.
The repair of bone fractures is a postnatal regenerative process that recapitulates many of the ontological events of embryonic skeletal development. A comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is crushed or splintered into many pieces. Comminuted fractures are severe fractures that involve the breaking of a bone into several smaller pieces. An oblique fracture occurs at a diagonal to the bones long axis. Kellam and others published fracture classification find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Displaced and nondisplaced fractures refer to the alignment of the fractured bone. A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the bone is bent. Anatomic description of fractures type comminution location displacement 3. Incomplete entire cross section of the bone fractures vs. A hard outer layer that is dense, strong, and durable. Most bone fractures are the result of injuries from falls or vehicle crashes, but fractures can also be caused by certain diseases. The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture.
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